ICACT20240441 Slide.30
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Thank you for your listening.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.29
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Reference papers are shown as follows.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.28
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Finally, the self-designed 1x8 can be calibrated by the proposed enhanced REV algorithm. It confirms the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.27
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The final section is the conclusions. In this paper, we study the mmWave antenna calibration techniques.
Then, we propose the enhanced REV which can reduce the computational requirements. It provides a faster estimation than the existing papers.
Next, the enhanced REV is proposed to be used for large-size antenna array calibration. It shows an excellent performance.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.26
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This slide is the hardware platform testing. The measurement platform is shown in the upper figure.
The beampattern can be generated by the measurement platform. The calibrated phase table is shown in Table 1.
The diagram of the field patterns from hardware testing is shown in Figure.
The yellow line is shown as the beampattern with the proposed enhanced REV calibration, which involves the deep nulling performance.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.25
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In this slide, Method 2 results show that the beampattern of the proposed REV is close to the ideal beampattern.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.24
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In this slide, we provide the beampattern performances of method 1 and method 2 for the large-size array with 32 antenna elements.
Method 1 results show that the beampattern of the proposed REV is close to the ideal beampattern.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.23
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4th Section is the computer simulation and hardware platform testing.
A. computer simulation verification
Simulation results of the enhanced REV method are shown in Figure.
The blue line is the beampattern with the artificial phase bias for all antennas, which induces the unstable problem.
The dot-line curve is the beampattern calibrated by the enhanced REV algorithm to compensate for the artificial phase bias of all antennas.
The red line is the beampattern of the ideal beam.
The beampattern of the proposed REV is very close to the ideal beampattern.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.22
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The adjustment process diagram for method 2 is shown as a flow chart.
First, we execute the intra-group REV calibration.
Then, we execute the joint REV calibration of the nth intra-group and the previous (n-1) calibrated groups.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.21
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For example, Method 2.
That is, 1st block is executed by the enhanced REV.
The 2nd block is executed by REV calibration, which includes the 1st calibrated block, i.e., only extra one common phase for joint calibration.
For the 3rd block, it is executed by REV calibration, which includes the 1st and 2nd calibrated blocks, i.e., only extra one common phase for joint calibration.
For the 4th block, it is executed by REV calibration, which includes the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd calibrated blocks, i.e., only extra one common phase for joint calibration.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.20
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For Method 2, first, sequentially execute the REV adjustments within each block. Then, we perform the cumulative REV adjustments between blocks.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.19
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The adjustment process diagram for method 1 is shown as a flow chart.
First, we execute the intra-group REV for each group (or block).
After all intra-groups are calibrated by REV, we execute the inter-group REV calibration.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.18
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For example: 1x32 antenna elements involve 4 groups and each group with 1x8 antenna elements.
In the 1st stage, each block is executed by the enhanced REV, independently.
In the 2nd stage, after each group with 1x8 elements is calibrated by REV, then inter groups with 1x4 groups are calibrated by REV.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.17
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For Method 1, first, execute each block REV calibration. Then, coordinate the REV adjustments between blocks.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.16
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In this slide, we propose the enhanced REV technology used for array calibration of the Group-Based REV (or Block-Based REV) in a Sub-Array configuration.
Then, the goal is to make it adaptable to large arrays and expedite the calibration process.
The paper proposes the following two viable solutions.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.15
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In this slide, the enhanced REV method proposed in this paper has a lower number of Q calculations and a lower error rate performance. Thus, if alpha=7, the estimation is Q=512+56, which is only an additional 56 calculations, much lower than the conventional estimate of 1024 Q values.
Next, For the conventional estimate to avoid the confusion issue, it indirectly increases the number of Q values that need to be measured up to twice. It involves a higher complexity. Q calculation is shown as the equation.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.14
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In this slide, a comparison of stability among different methods is shown in Figures. First, the proposed enhanced REV provides an error rate of about 2%. In the 1st paper, the conventional REV provides an error rate above 10%. In the 5th paper, the Fast REV provides an error rate of about 2%. In the 7th paper, the FPAC provides an error rate of about 4%.
It shows the proposed enhanced REV provides stable beampattern performance.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.13
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In this slide, we calculate the Mean Square Error (MSE) between the REV Beam Pattern and the Ideal Beam.
If MSE is greater than 0.3dB, it is considered an error.
Finally, we conduct 5000 simulations and calculate the error rate. The error rate is shown as the equation.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.12
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In this slide, we propose the Enhanced REV technology. That is, we enhance the energy E_0 of the REV to reduce the probability of confusion, achieving strengthened E_0>E_n.
Then, we increase the measurement E_0 by a factor of alpha. Next, we can perform alpha times measurements and sum the overall synthesized vector.
The new E_dot is derived by equations. It includes the extra alpha alpha times measurements. The performance is shown in the composite field figure. It shows the Y>k case, which involves the higher probability property. Thus, the enhanced REV can overcome the confusion problem.
Next, this paper chooses an enhanced REV method with alpha=7, which is compared with several literature methods such as conventional REV [1], Fast REV [5], and improved confusion method [7] for stability.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.11
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Based on the Q function curve, the ratio r can be calculated by two conditions (r>0 or r<0). It induces the additional risk of confusion in judgment. Thus, one case is Y>k (means r>0), and the solution is shown as k1 and X1 equations. Another case is Y
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ICACT20240441 Slide.10
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In this slide, the amplitude ratio and phase deviation between E_n and E_0 are shown in equations (k and X). Thus, the ratio of E_dot and E_0 is the Q function. The Q function includes the k and X two parameters. If N=8 and Nb=6 bits, there are Q=512
value variations to be measured. Thus, the ratio of max. and min. of Q includes two conditions with judgment risk. It is shown as the equation.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.09
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In this slide, we describe the REV techniques. The Schematic diagram of overall synthesized vectors in REV is shown as follows. The E_dot is the synthesized vector field as shown in the equation. E_0 is the synthesized field of all antennas. E_n is the vector field of the nth element. Delta is the changing phase of the nth antenna. Thus, we can calculate the ratio of E_n divided by E_0.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.08
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3rd Section is the research on Algorithms for Estimating Phase and Alignment of Phased Array Antennas.
That is, the REV method can identify the phase deviations of antennas using only amplitude/power (real-number) measurement techniques.
Then, the REV technology incorporates real-world environmental factors into the calibration process. The factors include the changes in the T/R module, variations in the feed circuit, and diffraction effects caused by the antenna structure.
Next, the REV technology evolution is shown as follows. First, the conventional REV uses the amplitude technique. The generalized REV uses the higher-order Fourier series. Next, the fast REV uses the joint algorithms. Now, the large array of REV is studied by self-calibration, fast, and low-cost issues.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.07
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In this slide, after array calibration, the beam pattern measurement platform is shown as follows. The left side of the figure is the testing platform which includes the Chassis & PC. The right side of the figure is the internal arrangement of the chassis. It includes the horn antenna, mmWave array module, and turn table.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.06
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In this slide, the flow chart of the SDR measurement platform for array calibration is shown as follows.
That is, the M3 Force SDR, upconverter, and self-designed mmWave array will transmit signal over the air. The horn antenna will receive the signal and transfer it to the downconverter and M3 Force SDR. The SDR captures the signal and transfers it to the PC. PC Matlab calculates the calibration parameters of the mmWave antenna array.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.05
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2nd Section is the Explanation of the Integration of Millimeter-Wave Active Phased Array Antennas with SDR Platforms.
The left side of the figure is the physical front view. The right side of the figure is the physical rear view.
Then, we use Anokiwave 0158 beamforming IC with 4-bit Gain adjustment and 6-bit phase shifter to form the beamforming of the mmWave antenna array module.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.04
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In this paper, computer simulation results confirm the superior performance of the proposed methods.
Finally, the self-designed mmWave array antennas with the SDR platform confirm the enhanced REV technology can calibrate a 1x8 millimeter-wave phased array antenna.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.03
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The 1ST section is ¡°Introduction¡±.
In this paper, we study the calibration technology for fully active mmWave phased array antennas.
Then, the Self-developed 1x8 array antenna module is calibrated by the SDR platform.
Next, the initiating calibration uses rotating element electric field vector (REV1) algorithms.
Next, we propose a technique to strengthen the synthesis of vectors and overcome the ambiguity problem of REV.
Moreover, we propose the incrementally joint block tuning of subarrays to enhance the REV method for large array antenna calibration.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.02
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Outline is shown as follows.
The 1st section is Introduction.
The 2nd section is the explanation of the integration of millimeter-wave active phased array antennas with software-defined radio platforms.
The 3rd section is the research on algorithms for estimating phase and alignment of phased array antennas.
Then, we describe the REV Techniques.
Then, we proposed the enhanced REV technology.
Then, we proposed the enhanced REV technology used for large-scale arrays.
The 4th section is the computer simulation and hardware platform testing.
The final is the conclusions.
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ICACT20240441 Slide.01
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Ladies and Gentlemen. My name is Juinn-Horng Deng. I come from Taiwan. I am working in the Department of Electrical Engineering
Yuan Ze University. I am very glad to join the ICACT 2024 conference. Welcome to listen to my presentation. My presentation title is "Design of Calibration Algorithms for Fully-Activated Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antennas".
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